Callus initiation and morphogenesis in in vitro culture of isogenic on gene type and rate of development in winter wheat lines

A n n u a l W h e a t N e w s l e t t e r V o l. 5 4. The 4-year average for the different fertilizer backgrounds indicated that the least total grain damage by cereal bug larvae was in the block with organic-mineral fertilizer, 5.6 %. Damage in the blocks without fertilizer and with only organic fertilizer was 5.9 and 6.0 %, respectively. Total damage was 4.2–4.9 % in seed with a score of 2, which corresponded to 75–83 units of gluten quality (IDG, 2nd group). A reduction in grain damage, from 6.0 to 5.6 %, contributed to a reliable increase in crude gluten content in flour between 29.4 and 31.4 (LSD05 = 1.15 %), and protein content in the grain from 12.86 to 13.41 %, bread volume/100-g flour from 525 to 553 ml, and total bread-making estimate from 3.7 to 4.1 score. These analyses showed a negative correlation between the indices of grain quality and damage by the cereal bug (r = -0.8). However, higher gluten quality was found in grain from the organic fertilizer treatment, 83 alveograph units compared to 76 units for the block without fertilizer and 75 units for the block with organic-mineral fertilizer. Winter wheat grain grown without fertilizer and with organic fertilizers corresponded to the third class and that in the block with organic-mineral fertilizer to the 2nd class. On average, during 2001–05, the maximum grain yield was obtained in the organic-mineral fertilizer treatments, 6,44 t/ha, out-yielding the treatment without fertilizer by 0.43 t/ha (at LSD05 = 0.23 t/ha).